This article is from the Anime Music FAQ, by Ru Igarashi with numerous contributions by others.
[this needs confirmation and should not be considered reliable information]
These organizations look after copyright management for their members. They give out licenses, collect royalties, and distribute the money from licensing and royalties. Their members are the rights holders of the work they license. These organizations are limited to a country, but there may be more than one in a country. Many of these organizations are members of international cooperatives through respective agreements. This allows works covered by one organization to get royalties from performances in another country. ASCAP is a North American licensing organization, and JASRAC is a Japanese one. If someone wanted to use an anime CD in a broadcast fundraiser in Houston, Texas, that person would pay the licensing fee perhaps to ASCAP, and then ASCAP would pass money along to JASRAC, who then gives the money to the writers, the studios, etc, in Japan.
Here's a sample list of organizations in some countries.
USA
American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP) http://www.ascap.com/
Broadcast Music, Inc (BMI) http://bmi.com/
Canada
Society of Composers, Authors, and Music Publishers of Canada http://www.socan.ca/
UK
Performing Right Society (PRS) http://www.prs.co.uk/
Japan
Japanese Society for Rights of Authors, Composers, and
Publishers (JASRAC) http://www.jasrac.or.jp/ejhp/index.htm
 
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