This article is from the Artificial languages FAQ, by Rick Harrison rico_harrison@yahoo.com with numerous contributions by others.
An artificial language is a language that has been deliberately
designed by one person or a small group of people over a
relatively short period of time. Synonyms for the term
artificial language include planned language, constructed
language, model language, and invented language. Artificial
languages designed for specific purposes are also known by an
array of other terms. Those used in works of fiction are
called imaginary languages or fictional languages. Those
designed to facilitate global communications are called universal
languages, auxiliary languages (auxlangs), interlanguages or
interlinguas, international languages, etc. The realm of
artificial languages also includes logical languages, number
languages, symbolic languages, and pasimologies (gesture
languages).
 
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