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21. Sex and/or Violence and Sexual Abuse.




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This article is from the Feminism References FAQ, by Cindy Tittle Moore tittle@netcom.com with numerous contributions by others.

21. Sex and/or Violence and Sexual Abuse.

*"Sexual Abuse as a Precursor to Prostitution and Victimization Among
Adolescent and Adult Homeless Women." Journal of Family Issues. v12 n3
p361.

*"Four Theories of Rape: A Macrosociological Analysis". _Social
Problems_ 34, No. 5 (1986)
General-social-disinhibition theory is used to model the
correlation between sexual magazines and rape.

*_Pornography and Sexual Aggression_

Barry, Kathleen. _Female Sexual Slavery_. Prentice-Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ, 1979; New York University Press, London and New York, 1984.

Bart, Pauline and Patricia O'Brien. _Stopping Rape: Successful
Survival Strategies_. Pergamon Press, New York. 1985.

Browne, Angela. _When Battered Women Kill_. Collier Macmillian,
London; Free PRess, New York. 1987.

Brownmiller, Susan. _Against Our Will_. Bantam. 1975.
This is a disturbing, contradictory work. It is misrepresented
both by feminist and anti-feminist camps; feminists lauding it as
a quintessentially accurate portrayal of rape, the anti-feminists
denouncing it as a virulently anti-male piece of propoganda.
A landmark work that first documented the social and historical
consequences of rape in our society.

Caputi, Jane. _The Age of Sex Crime_. Bowling Green State University
Popular Press, Bowling Green, OH. 1987.
Case studies on murder and sex crimes.

Ellis, Lee and Charles Beattie. "The Feminist Explanation for Rape. An
Empirical Test," _Journal of Sex Research_, 19(1).74-93, Feb 1983.
Abstract. The feminist explanation for rape includes the
proposition that it derives from traditions of male domination in
social, political, and economic matters. As a test of this thesis,
official FBI and victimization statistics on rape were compared
across 26 large United States central cities relative to various
indicators of these cities' degree of social, political, and
economic inequality between the sexes. Of 14 correlations, 4 were
significant, 3 with a sign opposite to that predicted by the
feminist explanation. When presumed effects of the two strongest
control variables were removed by partial correlation techniques,
only one coefficient was significant, and it was in the direction
contrary to the feminist explanation. Rape rates appear unrelated
to inequalities of earnings, education, occupational prestige, or
employment. The belief that reducing sex disparities in social,
political, and economic terms will reduce rape is not supported. 3
Tables, 55 References.

Finkelhor, David and Kersti Yllo. _License to Rape: Sexual Abuse of
Wives_. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1985; Free Press, New
York, 1987.

Gauthier and Saucier. "Preliminary Study of Early Sexual Abuse."
Canadian _Journal of Psychiatry_. 1991. v36 n6 p422. (In French)
This paper is in french, but they have an English abstract in
Medline. They compared sexually abused adolescents with
non-abused. From the abstract: "...[of abused children] their
perception of self and of the ideal self was not affected by the
sexual abuse, a finding that will spark discussion."

Griffin, Susan. _The Politics of Rape_. Third revision and updated
edition. Harper and Row, San Francisco, 1986.
Original copyright 1970.
"Another canon in the apologetics of rape is that, if it were not
for learned social controls, all men would rape."..."But in truth
rape is not universal to the human species."

Griffin, Susan. "Rape: The All-American Crime" in _Rape: The Power of
Consciousness_, Harper & Row, 1979.

Haber, Joel D. "Abused Women and Chronic Pain," in _American Journal
of Nursing_, v85, Sept. 1985, pp1010-1012.
Study shows that abused women have more health problems than
non-abused ones.

Jones, Anne. _Women Who Kill_. Fawcett Crest, Ballantine Books, New
York. 1981.
From blurb: "When battered and abused women began to fight back --
and kill --- men began to fear that this would becom an epidemic.
Some felt that women were getting away with murder: But were they?
They were not. In fact, in many cases their punishment was
harsher than that of men. But this book is much more than a
desription of battered women who kill in self-defense. It is a
social history and a fascinating story of women on the edge of
society -- women driven to kill for a multitude of reasons. Here
are tales of crime and punishment that reveal hard truths about
American society and women's place in it."

Kelly, Liz. _Surviving Sexual Violence_. University of Minnesota
Press, Minneapolis; Polity Press, Cambridge UK. 1988.

Kilpatrick, D.G. et al., "Mental health correlates of criminal
victimization. A random community survey," _Journal of Consulting &
Clinical Psychology_, Vol. 53, 866-873. 1985.

Koss, M.P. "Hidden rape. sexual aggression and victimization in
a national sample of students in higher education." Chapter 1. In A.W.
Burgess, ed, _Rape and sexual assault II_ (pp. 3-25). NY. Garland. 1988.
Controversial. This was a study that showed a good percentage of
the men surveyed believed certain things could be expected if they
paid for dinner, etc. There were questions designed in such a way
that would find out if the men had raped without using the word
rape. They would answer yes to these questions but no to the
questions containing the word rape.

McFarlane, Judith. "Violence During Teen Pregnancy: Health
Consequences for Mother and Child," in Levy, Barrie, ed, _Dating
Violence_, Seal Press, 1991, pp136-141.
A study that found 26% of prengant teens were currently in an
abusive relationship; many noted the abuse began when the
pregnancy did.

Mercy JA., Saltzman LE., Intentional Injury Section, Centers for
Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333. May 1989. "Fatal violence among
spouses in the United States," 1976-85. _American Journal of Public
Health_. 79(5).595-9.
Abstract. In this paper we examine patterns and trends in
homicides between marriage partners in the United States for 1976
through 1985 using data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's
Supplemental Homicide Reports (FBI-SHR). We identified 16,595
spouse homicides accounting for 8.8 per cent of all homicides
reported to the FBI-SHR during this 10-year period. The rate of
spouse homicide for this 10-year period was 1.6 per 100,000
married persons. The risk of being killed by one's spouse was 1.3
times greater for wives than for husbands. Black husbands were at
greater risk of spouse homicide victimization than Black wives or
White spouses of either sex. The risk of victimization was greater
for spouses in interracial than in intraracial marriages and
increased as age differences between spouses increased. From 1976
through 1985, the risk of spouse homicide declined by more than
45.0 per cent for both Black husbands and wives but remained
relatively stable for White husbands and wives. Demographic
patterns in the risk of spouse homicide were similar to those
reported for nonfatal spouse abuse suggesting that the causes of
spouse homicide and nonfatal spouse abuse may be similar.

Morgan, Robin. _The Demon Lover: On the Sexuality of Terrorism_.
W.W. Norton and Company. 1989. ISBN: 0-393-02642-6 (hardback).
Controversial. Blurb: "Something in each of us, no matter how we
deny it and no matter how much we may deplore terrorist tactics,
is fascinated by the terrorist. We might even ambivalently admire
such a figure: a fanatic of dedication, a mixture of volatile
impetuosity and severe discipline, an archetype of self-sacrifice.
...In this brilliant marriage of theory and personal experience,
Robin Morgan...sets forth the first feminist analysis of the
phenomenon of terrorism."

Quigley, Paxton. _Armed and Female_. E.P. Dutton, New York. 1989.
Paperback may be ordered from Second Amendment Foundation, 12500
NE Tenth Place, Bellavue WA 98005 for US$5.00, includes postage.
Former anti-gun activist tells why she joined millions of other
women in choosing a firearm for self-defense.

Randall, Teri. "Domestic Violence Intervention Calls for More than
Treating Injuries," in _Journal of the American Medical Association_,
264(8), August 22-29, 1990, pp939-940.
"Battery appears to be the single most common cause of injury to
women -- more common that automobile accidents, muggings and rapes
combined."

Russell, Diana H. _Sexual Exploitation: Rape, Child Sexual Abuse, and
Workplace Harassment_. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA. 1984.

Russell, Diana E. H. and Nancy Howell. "The Prevalence of Rape
in the United States Revisited," _Signs_, 8(4). 688-695, 1983.
Lead author is in the Department of Social Sciences, Mills
College, Oakland CA, and has written several books on sexual
violence. According to survey findings, assuming that the rape
rate remains the same, there is a 26% probability that woman will
be the victim of a completed rape, increasing to 46% for attempted
rape.

Seng. "Child Sexual Abuse and Adolescent Prostitution: A Comparative
Study." _Adolescence_. 1989. v24 n95(really 95??) p665.
Abstract: "...findings suggest that the relationship
[abuse>prostitution] is not directed, but invokes runaway behavior
as an intervening variable. It is not so much that sexual abuse
leads to prostitution as it is that running away leads to
prostitution."

Scully, Diana. _Understanding Sexual Violence: A Study of Convicted
Rapists_. Series: Perspectives on Gender, vol 3. Unwin Hyman, Boston.
1990.

Stark, Evan, Anne Flitcraft and William Frazier. "Medicine and
Patriarchal Violence: The Social Construction of a 'Private'
Event," in _International Journal of Health Services_, 9(3), 1979,
pp461-493.
A study that found that medical records included the labels
"neurotic," "hysteric," "hypochondriac," or "a well-known patient
with multiple vague complaints" for one in four battered women
compared to one in fifty non-battered women; one in four battered
women are given pain medications/tranquilizers as compared to one
in ten non-battered women.

Strauss, M.A., Gelles, R.J., and Steinmetz, S.K. _Behind closed doors:
Violence in American families_. Doubleday, New York, 1980. Followup
work "Intimate Violence" (no detailed reference).
These studies show that spousal violence levels are relatively
independent of gender. They do not, however, include any
consideration of motivation or the issues of 'self defense'.

Warshaw, Robin. _I Never Called It Rape: The Ms. report on
Recognizing, Fighting, and Surviving Date and Acquaintance Rape_.
Afterword by Mary P. Koss. Harper and Row, New York. 1988.

Wolfgang Marvin E., _Patterns in Criminal Homicide_. University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 1958. Also (*Curtis 1974), (*Mercy &
Saltzman 1989).
The situation appears to bethat the rate that men kill women and
that women kill men, and also the rate at which husbands kill
wives and wives kill husbands, are nearly *equal* when looked at
from a mortality point of view, and ignoring the issue of 'who
started it'.

Yllo, Kerst, and Michele Bograd, eds. _Feminist Perspectives on Wife
Abuse_. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA. 1988.
Includes important discussion of what statistics can or cannot
show. Bibliographies.

_National Crime Survey_ (NCS)
This is an attempt to measure the actual victimization rates of
how often people are affected by crimes. The survey is given to a
population representative of all people over 12 years of age who
live in a residence. There are two parts to the survey. a
screening to determine who has been the victim of a crime; and a
detailed questionnaire given to victims. The detailed
questionnaire includes the details and date of the crime, and
helps insure that crimes are classified properly (e.g., crimes
falling outside the survey 'time window' are properly excluded).
It is a large scale survey, covering approximately 60,000
households with 101,000 people. Approximately 96% of the selected
population agreed to participate in the survey.

_Statistical Abstracts of the U.S. - 1990_. Department of Commerce
(Bureau of the Census), put out yearly.
Cites the incidence of reported forcible rape as 37.6 per 100,000
total (i.e., men and women) population.

_Uniform Crime Report_ (UCR)
Based solely on police reports and is not intended to be a
statistical measure of victimization The Uniform Crime Report is
based on police reports. The data given by the UCR includes
_only_ murder, not killings in self defense or deaths due to
negligence - and the interpretation of which is which is left to
the officer filing the report.

_Uniform Crime Statistics_ (UCS, from the FBI)
This derives the "one in four" figure given for the rate of rape
among women. It used to be "one in five" until the FBI decided
that marital rape counted as rape (in the mid 1980s). The FBI's
definition of rape involves penetration of any orifice without
consent. 1 in 4 is the rate at which girls are sexually abused
(rape and molestation); 1 in 6 is the rate at which the same
occurs for boys.


 

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